Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infections of the Mind by Richard Dawkins - Essay Example Religion doesn't have a lot to do with reason. Religion forces a reality overflowing with conviction and confidence, and without requiring reason (it is fascinating that the not very many individuals who guarantee that they can banter with god are marked as quacks or crazy by the extremely ones who put stock in god). Religion has a lot to do with the weight of similarity; this, among different reasons, is the reason the vast majority unquestioningly acknowledge and hold fast to the religion of their childhood. As Dawkins states, ...it is a telling truth that, the world over, by far most of kids follow the religion of their folks as opposed to any of the other accessible religions. As indicated by Dawkins, an individual shows confidence when he is actuated by some profound, internal conviction that something is valid, or right, or prudent: a conviction that doesn't appear to owe anything to proof or reason, however which, all things considered, he feels as absolutely convincing and persuading. and that most religions make a positive ethicalness of confidence's being solid and steadfast, disregarding not being founded on proof.

I Need a Grant

I Need a Grant I overlook that new scholars enter the calling day by day, and Im most helped when a huge number to remember them keep in touch with me subsequent to seeing FundsforWriters.com just because. The main thing they see is GRANTS, and that tosses their youngster minds into overdrive, thinking about how they can locate some liberal award supplier to offer cash to another essayist. Its like bits of gossip that some administration office will take care of your home loan or discount your obligation. Recorded as a hard copy, no one offers you a free lunch. You pay for that lunch. You can seek after a coupon to a great extent, or a free sandwich on the off chance that you purchase a coke, however no one is going to offer lunch for nothing. Lets take a gander at awards. For what reason do awards exist? No one thinks about that, yet allows have missions, as well. Awards have explicit purposes, and giving cash to individuals who dont have it isnt the main reason. Its progressively about what somebody needs to do with that cash that issues. 1) They are made to fill a distinguished need. 2) They are made to have any kind of effect with mankind. 3) They should exhibit to the world that the cash they spend has done incredible things. 4) They answer to high specialists about how successful and effective theyve been with the cash they given out. 5) Their cash relies on governmental issues, gifts, and the economy. At the end of the day, there arent pots of cash trusting that individuals will apply for an offer. The candidates for any award must qualify utilizing the accompanying outlooks: 1) As on the off chance that they were going after a position, 2) As on the off chance that they were advancing an item, and 3) As on the off chance that they were looking for a credit at the bank. As respectable as awards sound, awards are a kind of undertaking for the award supplier. On the off chance that they dont do well with the cash they give . . . on the off chance that the ventures that acquire awards don't show a positive end . . . at that point the award supplier has fizzled. The outcomes? Less award cash to use later on or even the disintegration of the whole award element. Lets visit a situation of another essayist looking for an award: Another author might be from Montana and need to expound on a kid who moves to New York and encounters a story about growing up. The essayist requests an award to live in New York for a while to do research and consider how he will compose the story. No one will support this award. Why? 1) There is no compelling reason to subsidize unpublished scholars. There is an overabundance of journalists out there for what it's worth. 2) The author isn't experienced and can't guarantee the award supplier they can compose. 3) The author can't guarantee the award supplier they can distribute. 4) The author can't guarantee the award supplier they have a business opportunity for the work. 5) The award supplier must have a crucial in some way or another fits the story, the author, or the journalists need. Sowhen you think about an award, consider it an advance. They give you cash dependent on your capabilities, you need to adhere to their standards, and you repay it with your undertakings achievement. Awards have needs, as well, and they are cautious with how they compose their checks.

Repressed Memories Essay Example

Stifled Memories Essay Example Stifled Memories Essay Stifled Memories Essay Stifled recollections may have been obstructed because of ‘repression which is the evacuation of undesirable encounters into the oblivious on the grounds that the occasion was considered too horrendous to even think about recalling. These recollections can incorporate things from kid maltreatment to seeing a homicide. It’s the effect on the brain so it can adapt to what might be unreasonably difficult for the person to manage around then. Understanding that memory is certifiably not an advanced account that accommodates an absolutely exact replay (Merskey, H.2010) is frequently ignored in the start of recalling a quelled memory and furthermore that various triggers are associated with the recuperation of stifled recollections. Triggers are another manner by which quelled recollections are thought to reemerge during treatment as well as fundamentally anyplace whenever in the person’s life. A trigger can be as a taste, contact, smell and so on. Commonly the memory is unconstrained to such an extent that it happens in a flashback, with sentiments to solid it as though the individual is remembering the second indeed (Seager, W). Psychotherapy is one route in that many can attempt to constrain their brains to review the occasion all the more precisely (Seager, W). While most research centers around whether individuals recollect or overlook injury, restraint, be that as it may, is a multidimensional develop, which, notwithstanding the memory angle, comprises of pathogenic impacts on alteration and the oblivious (Merskey, H. 2010). Besides, since analysis sees restraint as a key factor in representing the turn of events and treatment of masochist issue, applicable research from these two areas are likewise considered. There are two kinds of recuperated recollections: those that slowly return in recouped memory treatment (RMT) and those that are immediately recouped outside the setting of treatment (Merskey, H. 2010). By having a superior comprehension of the two kinds not just advantages a person’s advisor to enable the customer to work through the recollections yet in addition they help to authorize the memory and give it credit and legitimacy (Groenveld, n. d). RMT is a term which alludes to the endeavors to recoup since quite a while ago overlooked or curbed recollections. It is regularly utilized when a customer is suspected to have been manhandled numerous years prior, yet has no recollections of it as a grown-up (Groenveld, n. d. ). RMT has similarly the same number of supporters as it does the individuals who accept specialist cause customers to have â€Å"false memories†. Numerous advisors occupied with recouped memory treatment accept that grown-up issues, for example, misery, uneasiness, dietary issues, relationship issues, sexual brokenness, a sleeping disorder, and so on are frequently brought about by a particular type of misuse (Groenveld, n. d. ). Recollections of that misuse are frequently accepted to have been subdued with the goal that they can't be recalled. Despite the fact that the maltreatment isn't recalled that, it produces a portion of the above indications in the grown-up (Groenveld, n. d. ). Albeit most recollections are recuperated during guiding with an advisor who has faith in them, there exist a developing number of people who have recouped recollections outside of treatment (Groenveld, n. d. ). Every now and again, books like The Courage to Heal by writers Ellen Bass (2007) and Laurie Davis are utilized by a person. The strategies are simply the equivalent; they are just directed (Menzel, n. d). The Courage to Heal has different qualities as per book commentator Jennifer Menzel, M. A. Creators Bass and Davis (2007) look at horrible encounters and offer would like to overcomers of these encounters (Menzel, n. d. ). A subsequent quality is that Bass and Davis utilize the word â€Å"survivor† rather than â€Å"victim. † This attempts to ingrain trust in perusers and assists with empowering survivors to effectively participate in the recuperating procedure (Menzel, n. d. ). A third quality is the accentuation on the realities of sexual maltreatment, however on genuine encounters of survivors (Menzel, n.d. ). Menzel (n. d. ) finishes up her audit of The Courage to Heal similar to a valuable bibliotherapy instrument and is enthusiastically suggested. In any case, similarly as with any type of bibliotherapy, clinical judgment must be utilized when doling out this book in psychotherapy. One of the most quelled recollections is that of youth sexual maltreatment. In spite of the fact that discussion encompasses the general validness of intermittent versus constant recollections of youth sexual maltreatment (CSA), little is thought about whether such recollections vary in their probability of substantiating proof. People revealing CSA recollections were met, and two autonomous raters endeavored to discover validating data for the charges (Brockman, R. 2010). Ceaseless CSA recollections and intermittent recollections that were out of the blue reviewed outside treatment were bound to be certified than foreseen spasmodic recollections recouped in treatment (Brockman, R. 2010). Proof that proposal during treatment potentially intercedes these distinctions originates from the extra finding that people who reviewed the recollections outside treatment were stamped increasingly shocked at the presence of their recollections than wereâ individuals who at first reviewed the recollections in treatment (Brockman, R. 2010). These outcomes demonstrate that irregular CSA recollections precipitously recovered outside of treatment might be exact, while embroiling desires emerging from proposals during treatment in delivering bogus CSA recollections (Brockman, R. 2010). Still the topic of why individuals subdue recollections and can recover them sometime in the not too distant future alongside how evident those recollections may be is as yet one that should be additionally clarified. Whatever the phrasing applied, be it restraint, separation or overlooking, people have an ability to not deliberately think about parts of their injuries for broadened timeframes (Middleton et al, 2005) are altogether factors to remember for the memory. Additionally different components including the age at which injuries happened, the connections to the individual mindful or the nature and degree of the injuries impact what will be open to memory (Middleton, 2005). Experts have the obligation during an admission meeting to advance the subject of physical, sexual, and psychological mistreatment to the individual. The reason for this remedy is that a clinician who asks passes on to the customer that the customer will be accepted and that the clinician will get together with the customer in working through the recollections and feelings connected with youth sexual maltreatment (Loftus, 1993). Getting some information about sexual maltreatment alongside a rundown of other previous existence occasions bodes well given the high occurrence of real maltreatment, yet the worry is the way the issue is raised and what specialists do when customers at first deny an injurious past.  Brockman, R.. (2010). Parts of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry I: Episodic Memory, Transference, and the Oddball Paradigm. Diary of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 38(4), 693-710. Recovered May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Archive ID: 2256258471). Groenveld, J. (n. d. ). Stifled recollections and Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT). Recovered May 8, 2009 from caic. organization. au/fms. sra/rmt/htm Loftus, E. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychological Association, 48, 518-537. Recovered from http://faculty:Washington. edu/elofus Menzel, J. (n. d). The mental fortitude to recuperate: A guide for ladies overcomers of kid sexual maltreatment (third version). [Review of the book]. Therapists in Independent Practice. A Division of the American Psychological Association. Recovered from http://www/division42. organization/MembersArea/Nws_Views/articles/Reviews_Books/Merskey, H.. (2010). Attempt to Remember: Psychiatrys Clash Over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 112-113. Recovered May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Report ID: 1986429491). Middleton, W. , Cromer, L. , Freyd, J. (2005, September). Recalling the past, envisioning a future. Australasian Psychiatry, 13(3), 223-233. Recovered May 8, 2012, doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1665. 2005. 02192. x Seager, W. Schwitzgebel, Eric. Perplexities of cognizance. Decision: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Apr. 2012: 1458. Scholastic OneFile. Web. 6 May 2012.

John Donne’s The Flea The Flea as Metaphor of Virginity’s Unimportance - Literature Essay Samples

MARK but this flea, and mark in this,How little that which thou deniest me is;It suckd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.Thou knowst that this cannot be saidA sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamperd swells with one blood made of two; And this, alas! is more than we would do.O stay, three lives in one flea spare,Where we almost, yea, more than married are.This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed, and marriage temple is.Though parents grudge, and you, were met,And cloisterd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.Cruel and sudden, hast thou sincePurpled thy nail in blood of innocence?Wherein could this flea guilty be,Except in that drop which it suckd from thee?Yet thou triumphst, and sayst that thouFindst not thyself nor me the weaker now.Tis true; then learn how false fear s be;Just so much honour, when thou yieldst to me,Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee.This poem exhibits John Donne’s skill for turning the least likely images into elaborate metaphysical symbols of love, lust, and romance. The Flea uses the image of a flea that has just bitten the speaker and his beloved to describe a conflict over whether the two will have sex. The speaker wants to but his beloved does not, and so he uses the flea as an argument and metaphor to show how innocuous sex can be. He reasons that if their blood mingling in the flea is harmless and innocent, sexual mingling would be equally innocuous. The speaker tells his beloved to look at the flea and to note â€Å"how little† that â€Å"thing† that she denies him is, thus trivialising sex. Their blood mingling cannot be called â€Å"sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead; rather, the flea has joined them together in a way that, â€Å"alas, is more than we would do.† His argu ments go far beyond this preliminary idea, and are even turned on their heads when his beloved kills the flea. This paper examines the core idea that the flea is a metaphor used to trivialise sex, and ultimately to convey the unimportance of virginity. The opening line â€Å"mark but this flea, and mark in this, how little that which deniest me is† shows that the flea is small and inconsequential, and reveals that the speakers lady is denying him sex. The metaphor of the flea develops as it relates to the other symbols. For example, blood is used more than once as a symbol in the poem. The speaker talks of blood reverently and equates it to honor: blood symbolises life and soul. The flea has bitten him and his lady, hence the speaker remarks that in the flea his blood and his lady’s blood are mixed. Likewise, during sex their souls are â€Å"mingled† and become one. The speaker initially seems to have a respectful attitude about sex, holding that it can be spiri tual and important. But this is eventually revealed to be only a ploy to prove that sex should not be taken so seriously. As his beloved moves to kill the flea, the speaker â€Å"stays† her hand, asking her to spare the trinity of three lives in the flea: his life, her life, and the fleas life. In the flea where their blood is mingled, they are almost â€Å"married,† even more than married, and the flea is their â€Å"marriage bed† and â€Å"marriage temple.† Though their parents â€Å"grudge† and disapprove of their romance and though she does not want to have sex with him, they are nevertheless united and â€Å"cloister’d† in the living walls of the flea’s body. He asks that she not kill herself by killing the flea that contains her blood; he says that to kill the flea would be sacrilege, three sins in killing three, suggesting a holy trinity. Here, he is using the flea to convince his lady of his high-minded and apparently s ophisticated argument. However, when his beloved kills the flea despite his protestations (and probably as a deliberate move to destroy his argument), the speaker turns his argument on its head and claims that despite the high-minded ideals he has been invoking, killing the flea did not impugn his beloved’s honour nor will consenting to sex. Donne’s speaker seems to adapt his argument as it progresses, sometimes in contradictory ways a feature that perhaps challenges that image of the metaphysical conceit of the flea as a single, consistent, unified, confident metaphor. The speaker calls his lover â€Å"cruel† and speaks of how she is â€Å"purpling† her fingernail with the blood of innocence, suggesting that the flea was â€Å"innocent† and that his ideas were entirely noble. The speaker asks his lover what the fleas sin was, other than having â€Å"suck’d† from each of them a drop of blood. His lover apparently replies that neithe r of them is less noble for having killed the flea, and he agrees that this true, and it is this that proves that her fears regarding honor are false: if she were to â€Å"yield to† him and have sex, she would lose no more honor than she lost when she killed the flea. Here, the speaker is suggesting that sex does not have the power to take away innocence. There is more to it than just that. The â€Å"murder† of the flea also adds to the poem. As we have seen, the exchange of lifeblood during sex forms a â€Å"marriage† between the partners, and the narrator asks his lady not to kill the flea, which is symbolic of the end of sex, or orgasm. It was common thinking during that period that every time a man had sex his life was shortened, and thus it is reasonable to say that the speaker is likening the murder of the flea to the shortening of his own life. The speaker states that the flea has not taken anything from either of them, and therefore the act of sex will n ot diminish their lives. Thus the speaker reasons with his lady by lessening the importance of virginity.In this clever poem, Donne uses a flea, blood, and the murder of the flea as analogies for the oldest exchange: sex. The speaker in this poem hopes to convince his lady to sleep with him by trivializing sex. Donne not only questions the validity of coveting virginity, but also the importance of sex. This poem is one of many clever love poems that use the flea as an erotic image; it is an idea that goes as far back as Ovid. Donne’s skill of hinting at the erotic without ever explicitly referring to sex is remarkable: the idea that being bitten by a flea would represent â€Å"sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead† conveys his point with a clarity that more literal representations might have undermined.BibliographyDonne, John. Poems of John Donne. vol I. E. K. Chambers, ed. London: Lawrence Bullen, 1896 pp. 1-2.

What Is Dysgraphia

Often, homeschooling parents feel that theyre not equipped to homeschool a child with special needs or a learning disability. In my experience, thats just not true.  Home is often the best place for a student who learns differently. To highlight the benefits of homeschooling for special needs kids and to explain some of the lessor-known learning challenges, I went straight to the source - moms who are successfully homeschooling children who learn differently. Shelley, who is  an educator, author, marketer, and  editor,  blogs at  STEAM Powered Family.  Her oldest son is considered 2e, or twice exceptional. He is gifted but also grapples with dysgraphia and an anxiety disorder. His  struggles with dysgraphia began while he was still in public school, and heres what Shelley had to say. When did you first begin to suspect a problem? I struggled to read the messy scrawl of his printing - the letters irregular in size, random capitalization, a complete disregard for punctuation, and a few letters that were inverted and crawled up the sides of the paper. I looked into his bright, expectant eyes and turned the paper to my 8-year-old. â€Å"Can you read this to me?† The words he spoke were so eloquent, yet to look at the paper it appeared that a child half his age had written the message. Dysgraphia is a trickster that masks the abilities of the mind behind writing that is messy and often illegible.   My son has always been precocious and advanced in reading. He started reading around four years old and even wrote his first story a few months later in that adorable childish scribble. The story had a beginning, a middle and an end. It was called Killer Crocs, and I still have it tucked away in a drawer. When my son started school, I expected his printing would improve, but by grade 1 it became apparent to me that something was not right. The teachers brushed off my concerns, saying he was a typical boy. A year later, the school took notice and started voicing the same concerns I had earlier. It took a great deal of time, but we finally discovered my son had dysgraphia. When we looked at all the signs, we realized my husband has dysgraphia as well. What is dysgraphia? Dysgraphia is a learning disability that impacts the ability to write. Writing is a very complex task. It involves fine motor skills and sensory processing, along with the ability to create, organize, and express ideas. Oh, and don’t forget about  recalling proper spelling, grammar, and syntax rules. Writing is truly a multi-faceted skill that requires a number of systems to work in unity in order to achieve success. The signs of dysgraphia can be tricky to identify, as there are often other concerns, but generally you can look for clues such as: Significant difference in quality and expression of ideas when written versus spoken.  Students  can be incredibly eloquent and well versed in a subject, but if asked to write about the topic, they struggle to convey their knowledge.A tight and awkward pencil grip and body position while writingShaping letters in strange ways, starting them in awkward places, or varying their sizesIllegible and messy handwritingOrienting letters wrong, like writing letters backward or inverting themPoor spatial planning on paper (not leaving enough room for the words or starting in strange places)Avoidance of  drawing and writing tasksBecoming tired quickly while writing or complaining that it causes painUnfinished or omitted words in sentences when writingDifficulty organizing thoughts on paper, but not when  using other mediumsStruggles with grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure, even though the student is well readThe appearance that the childs  mind is always going significantly faster than his hand.   My son shows every single one of these signs of dysgraphia. How is dysgraphia diagnosed? One of the greatest battles I think parents face with dysgraphia is the  difficulty in getting a diagnosis and putting a treatment plan in place. There is no simple test for dysgraphia. Instead, it is part of a battery of tests and evaluations that eventually lead to a diagnosis. This testing is very expensive, and we found the school simply did not have the resources or funding to provide comprehensive professional testing for our son. It took a very long time and years of advocating to get our son the help he needed.   Some possible testing options  include: Psychoeducational assessmentsAcademic assessments focusing on reading, arithmetic, writing, and languageFine motor assessments, specifically involving  skills used in writingWriting sample evaluationsTesting involving copying designs How can a parent help a child with dysgraphia? Once a diagnosis is in place, there are many ways to help a student. If funding is available, an occupational  therapist specializing in writing disorders can do a lot to help a child. The other approach is to use accommodations and concessions that allow the child to focus on his work, rather than struggle due to the writing issues. We have never had access to an OT, so we utilized accommodations while my son was in school and have continued to use them in our homeschool. Some of those  accommodations include: Typing – My son is learning to touch type and has use of a computer to type all of his written materials.Note-taker – In school, an aide worked with our son during exams, and he would dictate the answers, while the note-taker wrote them on the exam. In our homeschool we always provide our son with the opportunity to take â€Å"writing breaks,† and we act as his scribe.Dictation software – There are some fabulous speech-to-text  products on the market that work with word processors to type dictated text.Oral presentations – Instead of asking our son to write a report, we will ask him to do oral presentations. We can even videotape these to provide a record of his learning.Cursive – Although we have tried to go back and reteach printing to our son, it has proven to be an exercise in frustration. Instead, we chose to focus on something the school didn’t teach, cursive. Since it is new, we have the opportunity to work with him to develop new techniques and habits which will help him develop functional writing skills as an adult.Creative presentations – One of the things I love about homeschooling is that we can be creative in how my son demonstrates his knowledge. As part of a study on Ancient Egypt he created a LEGO pyramid and did a presentation. Other times he has produced videos talking about the subject. Together we think outside of the box to come up with ways he can show his knowledge without extensive handwriting. How does homeschooling benefit a student with dysgraphia? When my son was in school, we really struggled. The system is designed a very specific way that involves judging and grading children based on their ability to demonstrate their knowledge by writing it out based on  tests, written reports, or completed worksheets. For children with dysgraphia that can make school extremely challenging and frustrating. Over time my son developed a severe anxiety disorder due to the constant pressure and criticism placed on him in the school environment. Thankfully we had the option to homeschool, and it has been a wonderful experience. It challenges all of us to think differently, but at the end of the day my son is no longer limited by dysgraphia and has started to love learning again.

The Effects Of Algal Blooms On Coral Reefs - 917 Words

live and feed in those coral reefs until they are big enough to survive the wide vast of the deep ocean. Warming temperatures are also a death sentence to many species of fish. When I was visiting Port Saint Joe, FL and it’s surrounding area, I noticed that at some places the tide was a tinted yellow, orange and red. It was Red Tide, also known as harmful algal bloom. Simple plants the live in the sea and freshwater grow out of control. These algal blooms produce toxic and harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds. Algal bloom has high concentrations of nutrients from agricultural and urban run off. Red Tide does expand the decomposition of which kills animals by depleting the oxygen levels needed, limits the aquatic plant growth. This was occurring both at the shoreline of Powell Lake in Laguna Beach, FL and the East Bay in Panama City, FL. Off the tip of St Joseph Peninsula State Park, the government agencies were picking up hundreds of dead fish t his past month alone. Red Tide could be found in a stretch of miles west of the peninsula to Mexico Beach and east of the peninsula to Cape San Blas. Taken at Powell Lake, Laguna Beach, Florida. Red Tide (Harmful Algal Bloom). When it comes to fresh water and salt water mixing, it is called an estuary. An estuary is body of water that has rivers and streams running into it with an outlet that leads directly into the open sea. This is where the rivers and streams drop all the sediments, rocks, sand,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On Marine Ecosystems1504 Words   |  7 Pagestemperatures. 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In the following paper, I will provide a general overview of coral reefs and examine the alarming depletion of coral and their ecological symbionts in a process known as coral bleaching. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As mentioned earlier, coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive of all communities on EarthRead MoreLiterature Review: A big change that has occurred in the oceans all over the world is the Coral2000 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review: A big change that has occurred in the oceans all over the world is the Coral Reefs are dying and are predicted to be dead by the end of the century due to the rising acidity of the oceans caused by many different threats to marine ecosystems. Coral reefs cover less than 0.2% of our oceans but they contain 25% of the world’s marine fish species according to Endangered: Biodiversity on the brink, 2010: pg.45). 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The oceans also have a substantial effect on the economy of the world. Kieran Mulvaney, an author and blogger, wrote in her chapter of Endangered Oceans: Opposing Viewpoints that â€Å"as much as 66 percent of the world’s population lives within 40 miles of the shore† (21). Similarly, the NationalRead More Coral Reefs Essay examples3747 Words   |  15 PagesCoral Reefs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coral reefs are one of the oldest types of living systems on earth, and certainly one of the most spectacular (Goreau, 1987). They are massive underwater structures formed by the limestone skeletons of tiny invertebrate animals. Reefs house a greater diversity of body forms, chemistry, and animal phyla (thirty-two compared to the eight that inhabit the most biodiversity ecosystems on land). Phyla comprise the second largest category of living things, after kingdoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CoralRead MoreBiological Oxygen Demand ( Bod )1720 Words   |  7 PagesTSS has declined since 2011 at all locations except in MPAs, where the annual mean TSS was highest in 2013. Mean TSS in 2015 was highest in May in Confined Areas. Organic pollutants are chemical compounds that contain carbon and have a negative effect on one or more components of the environment. From 2011–2015, EAD monitored marine waters for two organic pollutants: total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). TPHs is a term used to describe a mixture of several hundredsRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean1986 Words   |  8 Pagesworld. Unfortunately Oceans have been receiving mass amount of pollutants including oil spills, toxic waste dumping, and industrial dumping. These pollutants will have negative impacts on the wildlife in the ocean, as we are seeing already with the Coral Reefs, and soon enough it will begin to affect our lives as well. Causes of Ocean Pollution: According to National Geographic the main causes of ocean pollution are, â€Å" Sewage, toxic chemicals from industries, land runoff, large oil spills, ocean miningRead MoreClimate Change1705 Words   |  7 Pageschange †¢ Background information †¢ Definition of climate change 2-Body: A- The causes of climate change †¢ The causes of climate change †¢ Natural causes of climate change B- Effects of climate change †¢ Human effects on climate change †¢ Greenhouse gases effect †¢ Changing in the ecosystems. C- Solutions for climate change: †¢ Avoid cutting trees and forests †¢ The use of the renewable resources †¢ Sequestration 3- Conclusion: †¢ The industrial countries should

Non Verbal Communication free essay sample

Name: Sithembile Musemburi Assignment 1: What aspects of non verbal communication are likely to differ when people from different cultures communicate? Communication is a very important aspect of the human life, since it is the communication that helps human beings and other animals to connect with each other, as individuals and as independent groups. Communication serves a number of functions; to disseminate information, to express ideas and emotions, for education, to build relationships, for entertainment and for decision making purposes and is done verbally or non -verbally. Verbal communication involves the use of language, speech and voice where as in non verbal communication the body does the coding for us in form of gestures, facial expressions, posture, and paralanguage. This is why nonverbal communication is also termed the body language. Culture constitute the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products are the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population. Hence patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular people may not be treated in the same regard to another people. This essay seeks to describe the aspects of non-verbal communication that are likely to differ when people from different cultures communicate. Examples will be drawn from different cultures to demonstrate these differences in cultures Samovar et al (2009), defined communication in the following way, â€Å"communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behaviour or the residue of behaviour. With this, different people from different cultures can possibly give different meanings to behaviour depending on how they understood it. This statement also supports that we should be careful about how we act as someone can give meaning to our actions whether they were conscious or unconscious. Culture has been defined by Hall (1974), as the medium evolved by humans to survive. He further states that nothing in our lives is free from cultural influ ences. The way people talk, dress, eat, walk is influenced by their culture. This explains why culture and communication can not be separated as it has a great impact on communication as well. Culture is not genetically defined but is learned through the society we grow in. As a child grows in a community, they learn through observations and being taught what is acceptable and inacceptable in that culture. This in turn shapes the values of that child. Hoebel and Frost define culture as an, â€Å"integrated system of learned behaviour patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the results of biological inheritance. The environment and setting one was brought up in and lives in determines how we communicate. Non verbal communication according to Samovar et al (2009) is,†any communication that involves non verbal stimuli that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value to the source or receiver. † The behaviours that most people engage in consciousl y and unconsciously contribute to non verbal communication. A reflex action of behaviour is triggered during a conversation that can sell one out even if verbally they seem to be in agreement with what is being said. Non verbal behaviour can easily substitute the verbal communication as it represents our true emotions in most cases Although Ekman et al (1975) suggests that some non verbal communication aspects of facial expressions are universal, there are many aspects of non verbal communication which differ from one culture to another. As much as facial expressions of anger, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise are more or less the same amongst all cultures there are some non verbal aspects that mean totally different things from one culture to another which might have serious repercussions to the sender and receiver if coded and decoded in ignorance. A wrong gesture or facial expression can make or break a business deal or proposal whether it was intended or not. As much as culture is diverse all over the world, non verbal aspects of communication are bound to differ depending on where you are and where you are from. Those aspects include but are not limited to the following, facial expressions, head movements, hand and arm gestures, physical space, touching, eye contact, and physical postures. Although smiling is understood as an expression of happiness in most cultures, in some cultures like the Chinese it may mean something sad or uncomfortable is being discussed. However, in Bulgaria and Thailand, nodding means the opposite, a very definite no. Physical space refers to the distance which people feel comfortable approaching others or having others approach them. It can be categorised into the following , intimate space reserved for intimate relations, private or personal space for friends and relatives, social space for workmates , colleagues, then public space for strangers. People from certain countries, such as parts of Latin America or the Middle East often feel comfortable standing closer to each other, while persons of Northern European descent tend to prefer a relatively greater distance. Ruch (1989) writes, â€Å"Typical Arab conversations are at close range. † He goes on further to say that;† closeness cannot be avoided†. Although is it is so with the Arab, they have exceptions when to comes to conversing between a man and a woman as Samovar et al (2009) state that, In Arab cultures a man is not allowed to stand close to a woman not even his wife where as in western countries a husband and wife signal their relationship by walking side by side. This means that depending on one’s culture, distance at times is not necessarily determined by the relationship but rather by the gender of the people involved. This explains why in some people would move away or step back in a bus queue when they feel one is standing too close for comfort thus invading their private space. The use of hands to communicate can assist comprehension or deter it, depending on the situation. Some hand gestures that are popular in one culture have no meaning or an entirely different meaning in another culture. A good example is the thumbs up gesture or the OK sign. These have vulgar meanings in Iran and Latin America, respectively, yet in other countries the â€Å"OK sign means just â€Å"zero†, which is not offensive. In the Unites States it is used as a sign for approval and success, whereas the thumbs down convey the opposite. In Europe the thumbs up is also a signal for good bye, or a greeting in passing, especially among young people. Touch is also another aspect of non verbal communication that is culturally determined and thus can also be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Depending on the context or scenario that led to the touch, it sends across different messages. Different cultures have different beliefs on what parts of the body can be and can not be touched. In Asians cultures, the head is said to house the soul so most Asians do not touch the head and do not want their heads touched. Some Americans are annoyed if touched on the head as they feel belittled. Touch is used as a sign of comfort, to arouse, to show affection, to greet, to protect, to congratulate on a job well done and even to provoke. Although a handshake is common as a means of greeting in most cultures, according to Jones (n. d. ), ‘Never assume that someone from another culture wants to shake hands at all. †This greeting is peculiar to some cultures as such one should not assume that it is a universal gesture of greeting. She further advices males never to attempt shaking hands with a woman from another culture unless she extends her hand first. † This is attributed to that contact between people of the opposite sexes is restricted in the Asian and Arab cultures which are mostly Muslim states so hand shakes are not recommended unless otherwise indicated. Kim (1992) also observes that Asians do not touch ordinarily during a conversation especially between people of the opposite sexes because many Asians cultures do not believe in public display of affection and intimacy.