Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infections of the Mind by Richard Dawkins - Essay Example Religion doesn't have a lot to do with reason. Religion forces a reality overflowing with conviction and confidence, and without requiring reason (it is fascinating that the not very many individuals who guarantee that they can banter with god are marked as quacks or crazy by the extremely ones who put stock in god). Religion has a lot to do with the weight of similarity; this, among different reasons, is the reason the vast majority unquestioningly acknowledge and hold fast to the religion of their childhood. As Dawkins states, ...it is a telling truth that, the world over, by far most of kids follow the religion of their folks as opposed to any of the other accessible religions. As indicated by Dawkins, an individual shows confidence when he is actuated by some profound, internal conviction that something is valid, or right, or prudent: a conviction that doesn't appear to owe anything to proof or reason, however which, all things considered, he feels as absolutely convincing and persuading. and that most religions make a positive ethicalness of confidence's being solid and steadfast, disregarding not being founded on proof.

I Need a Grant

I Need a Grant I overlook that new scholars enter the calling day by day, and Im most helped when a huge number to remember them keep in touch with me subsequent to seeing FundsforWriters.com just because. The main thing they see is GRANTS, and that tosses their youngster minds into overdrive, thinking about how they can locate some liberal award supplier to offer cash to another essayist. Its like bits of gossip that some administration office will take care of your home loan or discount your obligation. Recorded as a hard copy, no one offers you a free lunch. You pay for that lunch. You can seek after a coupon to a great extent, or a free sandwich on the off chance that you purchase a coke, however no one is going to offer lunch for nothing. Lets take a gander at awards. For what reason do awards exist? No one thinks about that, yet allows have missions, as well. Awards have explicit purposes, and giving cash to individuals who dont have it isnt the main reason. Its progressively about what somebody needs to do with that cash that issues. 1) They are made to fill a distinguished need. 2) They are made to have any kind of effect with mankind. 3) They should exhibit to the world that the cash they spend has done incredible things. 4) They answer to high specialists about how successful and effective theyve been with the cash they given out. 5) Their cash relies on governmental issues, gifts, and the economy. At the end of the day, there arent pots of cash trusting that individuals will apply for an offer. The candidates for any award must qualify utilizing the accompanying outlooks: 1) As on the off chance that they were going after a position, 2) As on the off chance that they were advancing an item, and 3) As on the off chance that they were looking for a credit at the bank. As respectable as awards sound, awards are a kind of undertaking for the award supplier. On the off chance that they dont do well with the cash they give . . . on the off chance that the ventures that acquire awards don't show a positive end . . . at that point the award supplier has fizzled. The outcomes? Less award cash to use later on or even the disintegration of the whole award element. Lets visit a situation of another essayist looking for an award: Another author might be from Montana and need to expound on a kid who moves to New York and encounters a story about growing up. The essayist requests an award to live in New York for a while to do research and consider how he will compose the story. No one will support this award. Why? 1) There is no compelling reason to subsidize unpublished scholars. There is an overabundance of journalists out there for what it's worth. 2) The author isn't experienced and can't guarantee the award supplier they can compose. 3) The author can't guarantee the award supplier they can distribute. 4) The author can't guarantee the award supplier they have a business opportunity for the work. 5) The award supplier must have a crucial in some way or another fits the story, the author, or the journalists need. Sowhen you think about an award, consider it an advance. They give you cash dependent on your capabilities, you need to adhere to their standards, and you repay it with your undertakings achievement. Awards have needs, as well, and they are cautious with how they compose their checks.

Repressed Memories Essay Example

Stifled Memories Essay Example Stifled Memories Essay Stifled Memories Essay Stifled recollections may have been obstructed because of ‘repression which is the evacuation of undesirable encounters into the oblivious on the grounds that the occasion was considered too horrendous to even think about recalling. These recollections can incorporate things from kid maltreatment to seeing a homicide. It’s the effect on the brain so it can adapt to what might be unreasonably difficult for the person to manage around then. Understanding that memory is certifiably not an advanced account that accommodates an absolutely exact replay (Merskey, H.2010) is frequently ignored in the start of recalling a quelled memory and furthermore that various triggers are associated with the recuperation of stifled recollections. Triggers are another manner by which quelled recollections are thought to reemerge during treatment as well as fundamentally anyplace whenever in the person’s life. A trigger can be as a taste, contact, smell and so on. Commonly the memory is unconstrained to such an extent that it happens in a flashback, with sentiments to solid it as though the individual is remembering the second indeed (Seager, W). Psychotherapy is one route in that many can attempt to constrain their brains to review the occasion all the more precisely (Seager, W). While most research centers around whether individuals recollect or overlook injury, restraint, be that as it may, is a multidimensional develop, which, notwithstanding the memory angle, comprises of pathogenic impacts on alteration and the oblivious (Merskey, H. 2010). Besides, since analysis sees restraint as a key factor in representing the turn of events and treatment of masochist issue, applicable research from these two areas are likewise considered. There are two kinds of recuperated recollections: those that slowly return in recouped memory treatment (RMT) and those that are immediately recouped outside the setting of treatment (Merskey, H. 2010). By having a superior comprehension of the two kinds not just advantages a person’s advisor to enable the customer to work through the recollections yet in addition they help to authorize the memory and give it credit and legitimacy (Groenveld, n. d). RMT is a term which alludes to the endeavors to recoup since quite a while ago overlooked or curbed recollections. It is regularly utilized when a customer is suspected to have been manhandled numerous years prior, yet has no recollections of it as a grown-up (Groenveld, n. d. ). RMT has similarly the same number of supporters as it does the individuals who accept specialist cause customers to have â€Å"false memories†. Numerous advisors occupied with recouped memory treatment accept that grown-up issues, for example, misery, uneasiness, dietary issues, relationship issues, sexual brokenness, a sleeping disorder, and so on are frequently brought about by a particular type of misuse (Groenveld, n. d. ). Recollections of that misuse are frequently accepted to have been subdued with the goal that they can't be recalled. Despite the fact that the maltreatment isn't recalled that, it produces a portion of the above indications in the grown-up (Groenveld, n. d. ). Albeit most recollections are recuperated during guiding with an advisor who has faith in them, there exist a developing number of people who have recouped recollections outside of treatment (Groenveld, n. d. ). Every now and again, books like The Courage to Heal by writers Ellen Bass (2007) and Laurie Davis are utilized by a person. The strategies are simply the equivalent; they are just directed (Menzel, n. d). The Courage to Heal has different qualities as per book commentator Jennifer Menzel, M. A. Creators Bass and Davis (2007) look at horrible encounters and offer would like to overcomers of these encounters (Menzel, n. d. ). A subsequent quality is that Bass and Davis utilize the word â€Å"survivor† rather than â€Å"victim. † This attempts to ingrain trust in perusers and assists with empowering survivors to effectively participate in the recuperating procedure (Menzel, n. d. ). A third quality is the accentuation on the realities of sexual maltreatment, however on genuine encounters of survivors (Menzel, n.d. ). Menzel (n. d. ) finishes up her audit of The Courage to Heal similar to a valuable bibliotherapy instrument and is enthusiastically suggested. In any case, similarly as with any type of bibliotherapy, clinical judgment must be utilized when doling out this book in psychotherapy. One of the most quelled recollections is that of youth sexual maltreatment. In spite of the fact that discussion encompasses the general validness of intermittent versus constant recollections of youth sexual maltreatment (CSA), little is thought about whether such recollections vary in their probability of substantiating proof. People revealing CSA recollections were met, and two autonomous raters endeavored to discover validating data for the charges (Brockman, R. 2010). Ceaseless CSA recollections and intermittent recollections that were out of the blue reviewed outside treatment were bound to be certified than foreseen spasmodic recollections recouped in treatment (Brockman, R. 2010). Proof that proposal during treatment potentially intercedes these distinctions originates from the extra finding that people who reviewed the recollections outside treatment were stamped increasingly shocked at the presence of their recollections than wereâ individuals who at first reviewed the recollections in treatment (Brockman, R. 2010). These outcomes demonstrate that irregular CSA recollections precipitously recovered outside of treatment might be exact, while embroiling desires emerging from proposals during treatment in delivering bogus CSA recollections (Brockman, R. 2010). Still the topic of why individuals subdue recollections and can recover them sometime in the not too distant future alongside how evident those recollections may be is as yet one that should be additionally clarified. Whatever the phrasing applied, be it restraint, separation or overlooking, people have an ability to not deliberately think about parts of their injuries for broadened timeframes (Middleton et al, 2005) are altogether factors to remember for the memory. Additionally different components including the age at which injuries happened, the connections to the individual mindful or the nature and degree of the injuries impact what will be open to memory (Middleton, 2005). Experts have the obligation during an admission meeting to advance the subject of physical, sexual, and psychological mistreatment to the individual. The reason for this remedy is that a clinician who asks passes on to the customer that the customer will be accepted and that the clinician will get together with the customer in working through the recollections and feelings connected with youth sexual maltreatment (Loftus, 1993). Getting some information about sexual maltreatment alongside a rundown of other previous existence occasions bodes well given the high occurrence of real maltreatment, yet the worry is the way the issue is raised and what specialists do when customers at first deny an injurious past.  Brockman, R.. (2010). Parts of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry I: Episodic Memory, Transference, and the Oddball Paradigm. Diary of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 38(4), 693-710. Recovered May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Archive ID: 2256258471). Groenveld, J. (n. d. ). Stifled recollections and Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT). Recovered May 8, 2009 from caic. organization. au/fms. sra/rmt/htm Loftus, E. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychological Association, 48, 518-537. Recovered from http://faculty:Washington. edu/elofus Menzel, J. (n. d). The mental fortitude to recuperate: A guide for ladies overcomers of kid sexual maltreatment (third version). [Review of the book]. Therapists in Independent Practice. A Division of the American Psychological Association. Recovered from http://www/division42. organization/MembersArea/Nws_Views/articles/Reviews_Books/Merskey, H.. (2010). Attempt to Remember: Psychiatrys Clash Over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 112-113. Recovered May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Report ID: 1986429491). Middleton, W. , Cromer, L. , Freyd, J. (2005, September). Recalling the past, envisioning a future. Australasian Psychiatry, 13(3), 223-233. Recovered May 8, 2012, doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1665. 2005. 02192. x Seager, W. Schwitzgebel, Eric. Perplexities of cognizance. Decision: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Apr. 2012: 1458. Scholastic OneFile. Web. 6 May 2012.

John Donne’s The Flea The Flea as Metaphor of Virginity’s Unimportance - Literature Essay Samples

MARK but this flea, and mark in this,How little that which thou deniest me is;It suckd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.Thou knowst that this cannot be saidA sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamperd swells with one blood made of two; And this, alas! is more than we would do.O stay, three lives in one flea spare,Where we almost, yea, more than married are.This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed, and marriage temple is.Though parents grudge, and you, were met,And cloisterd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.Cruel and sudden, hast thou sincePurpled thy nail in blood of innocence?Wherein could this flea guilty be,Except in that drop which it suckd from thee?Yet thou triumphst, and sayst that thouFindst not thyself nor me the weaker now.Tis true; then learn how false fear s be;Just so much honour, when thou yieldst to me,Will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee.This poem exhibits John Donne’s skill for turning the least likely images into elaborate metaphysical symbols of love, lust, and romance. The Flea uses the image of a flea that has just bitten the speaker and his beloved to describe a conflict over whether the two will have sex. The speaker wants to but his beloved does not, and so he uses the flea as an argument and metaphor to show how innocuous sex can be. He reasons that if their blood mingling in the flea is harmless and innocent, sexual mingling would be equally innocuous. The speaker tells his beloved to look at the flea and to note â€Å"how little† that â€Å"thing† that she denies him is, thus trivialising sex. Their blood mingling cannot be called â€Å"sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead; rather, the flea has joined them together in a way that, â€Å"alas, is more than we would do.† His argu ments go far beyond this preliminary idea, and are even turned on their heads when his beloved kills the flea. This paper examines the core idea that the flea is a metaphor used to trivialise sex, and ultimately to convey the unimportance of virginity. The opening line â€Å"mark but this flea, and mark in this, how little that which deniest me is† shows that the flea is small and inconsequential, and reveals that the speakers lady is denying him sex. The metaphor of the flea develops as it relates to the other symbols. For example, blood is used more than once as a symbol in the poem. The speaker talks of blood reverently and equates it to honor: blood symbolises life and soul. The flea has bitten him and his lady, hence the speaker remarks that in the flea his blood and his lady’s blood are mixed. Likewise, during sex their souls are â€Å"mingled† and become one. The speaker initially seems to have a respectful attitude about sex, holding that it can be spiri tual and important. But this is eventually revealed to be only a ploy to prove that sex should not be taken so seriously. As his beloved moves to kill the flea, the speaker â€Å"stays† her hand, asking her to spare the trinity of three lives in the flea: his life, her life, and the fleas life. In the flea where their blood is mingled, they are almost â€Å"married,† even more than married, and the flea is their â€Å"marriage bed† and â€Å"marriage temple.† Though their parents â€Å"grudge† and disapprove of their romance and though she does not want to have sex with him, they are nevertheless united and â€Å"cloister’d† in the living walls of the flea’s body. He asks that she not kill herself by killing the flea that contains her blood; he says that to kill the flea would be sacrilege, three sins in killing three, suggesting a holy trinity. Here, he is using the flea to convince his lady of his high-minded and apparently s ophisticated argument. However, when his beloved kills the flea despite his protestations (and probably as a deliberate move to destroy his argument), the speaker turns his argument on its head and claims that despite the high-minded ideals he has been invoking, killing the flea did not impugn his beloved’s honour nor will consenting to sex. Donne’s speaker seems to adapt his argument as it progresses, sometimes in contradictory ways a feature that perhaps challenges that image of the metaphysical conceit of the flea as a single, consistent, unified, confident metaphor. The speaker calls his lover â€Å"cruel† and speaks of how she is â€Å"purpling† her fingernail with the blood of innocence, suggesting that the flea was â€Å"innocent† and that his ideas were entirely noble. The speaker asks his lover what the fleas sin was, other than having â€Å"suck’d† from each of them a drop of blood. His lover apparently replies that neithe r of them is less noble for having killed the flea, and he agrees that this true, and it is this that proves that her fears regarding honor are false: if she were to â€Å"yield to† him and have sex, she would lose no more honor than she lost when she killed the flea. Here, the speaker is suggesting that sex does not have the power to take away innocence. There is more to it than just that. The â€Å"murder† of the flea also adds to the poem. As we have seen, the exchange of lifeblood during sex forms a â€Å"marriage† between the partners, and the narrator asks his lady not to kill the flea, which is symbolic of the end of sex, or orgasm. It was common thinking during that period that every time a man had sex his life was shortened, and thus it is reasonable to say that the speaker is likening the murder of the flea to the shortening of his own life. The speaker states that the flea has not taken anything from either of them, and therefore the act of sex will n ot diminish their lives. Thus the speaker reasons with his lady by lessening the importance of virginity.In this clever poem, Donne uses a flea, blood, and the murder of the flea as analogies for the oldest exchange: sex. The speaker in this poem hopes to convince his lady to sleep with him by trivializing sex. Donne not only questions the validity of coveting virginity, but also the importance of sex. This poem is one of many clever love poems that use the flea as an erotic image; it is an idea that goes as far back as Ovid. Donne’s skill of hinting at the erotic without ever explicitly referring to sex is remarkable: the idea that being bitten by a flea would represent â€Å"sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead† conveys his point with a clarity that more literal representations might have undermined.BibliographyDonne, John. Poems of John Donne. vol I. E. K. Chambers, ed. London: Lawrence Bullen, 1896 pp. 1-2.

What Is Dysgraphia

Often, homeschooling parents feel that theyre not equipped to homeschool a child with special needs or a learning disability. In my experience, thats just not true.  Home is often the best place for a student who learns differently. To highlight the benefits of homeschooling for special needs kids and to explain some of the lessor-known learning challenges, I went straight to the source - moms who are successfully homeschooling children who learn differently. Shelley, who is  an educator, author, marketer, and  editor,  blogs at  STEAM Powered Family.  Her oldest son is considered 2e, or twice exceptional. He is gifted but also grapples with dysgraphia and an anxiety disorder. His  struggles with dysgraphia began while he was still in public school, and heres what Shelley had to say. When did you first begin to suspect a problem? I struggled to read the messy scrawl of his printing - the letters irregular in size, random capitalization, a complete disregard for punctuation, and a few letters that were inverted and crawled up the sides of the paper. I looked into his bright, expectant eyes and turned the paper to my 8-year-old. â€Å"Can you read this to me?† The words he spoke were so eloquent, yet to look at the paper it appeared that a child half his age had written the message. Dysgraphia is a trickster that masks the abilities of the mind behind writing that is messy and often illegible.   My son has always been precocious and advanced in reading. He started reading around four years old and even wrote his first story a few months later in that adorable childish scribble. The story had a beginning, a middle and an end. It was called Killer Crocs, and I still have it tucked away in a drawer. When my son started school, I expected his printing would improve, but by grade 1 it became apparent to me that something was not right. The teachers brushed off my concerns, saying he was a typical boy. A year later, the school took notice and started voicing the same concerns I had earlier. It took a great deal of time, but we finally discovered my son had dysgraphia. When we looked at all the signs, we realized my husband has dysgraphia as well. What is dysgraphia? Dysgraphia is a learning disability that impacts the ability to write. Writing is a very complex task. It involves fine motor skills and sensory processing, along with the ability to create, organize, and express ideas. Oh, and don’t forget about  recalling proper spelling, grammar, and syntax rules. Writing is truly a multi-faceted skill that requires a number of systems to work in unity in order to achieve success. The signs of dysgraphia can be tricky to identify, as there are often other concerns, but generally you can look for clues such as: Significant difference in quality and expression of ideas when written versus spoken.  Students  can be incredibly eloquent and well versed in a subject, but if asked to write about the topic, they struggle to convey their knowledge.A tight and awkward pencil grip and body position while writingShaping letters in strange ways, starting them in awkward places, or varying their sizesIllegible and messy handwritingOrienting letters wrong, like writing letters backward or inverting themPoor spatial planning on paper (not leaving enough room for the words or starting in strange places)Avoidance of  drawing and writing tasksBecoming tired quickly while writing or complaining that it causes painUnfinished or omitted words in sentences when writingDifficulty organizing thoughts on paper, but not when  using other mediumsStruggles with grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure, even though the student is well readThe appearance that the childs  mind is always going significantly faster than his hand.   My son shows every single one of these signs of dysgraphia. How is dysgraphia diagnosed? One of the greatest battles I think parents face with dysgraphia is the  difficulty in getting a diagnosis and putting a treatment plan in place. There is no simple test for dysgraphia. Instead, it is part of a battery of tests and evaluations that eventually lead to a diagnosis. This testing is very expensive, and we found the school simply did not have the resources or funding to provide comprehensive professional testing for our son. It took a very long time and years of advocating to get our son the help he needed.   Some possible testing options  include: Psychoeducational assessmentsAcademic assessments focusing on reading, arithmetic, writing, and languageFine motor assessments, specifically involving  skills used in writingWriting sample evaluationsTesting involving copying designs How can a parent help a child with dysgraphia? Once a diagnosis is in place, there are many ways to help a student. If funding is available, an occupational  therapist specializing in writing disorders can do a lot to help a child. The other approach is to use accommodations and concessions that allow the child to focus on his work, rather than struggle due to the writing issues. We have never had access to an OT, so we utilized accommodations while my son was in school and have continued to use them in our homeschool. Some of those  accommodations include: Typing – My son is learning to touch type and has use of a computer to type all of his written materials.Note-taker – In school, an aide worked with our son during exams, and he would dictate the answers, while the note-taker wrote them on the exam. In our homeschool we always provide our son with the opportunity to take â€Å"writing breaks,† and we act as his scribe.Dictation software – There are some fabulous speech-to-text  products on the market that work with word processors to type dictated text.Oral presentations – Instead of asking our son to write a report, we will ask him to do oral presentations. We can even videotape these to provide a record of his learning.Cursive – Although we have tried to go back and reteach printing to our son, it has proven to be an exercise in frustration. Instead, we chose to focus on something the school didn’t teach, cursive. Since it is new, we have the opportunity to work with him to develop new techniques and habits which will help him develop functional writing skills as an adult.Creative presentations – One of the things I love about homeschooling is that we can be creative in how my son demonstrates his knowledge. As part of a study on Ancient Egypt he created a LEGO pyramid and did a presentation. Other times he has produced videos talking about the subject. Together we think outside of the box to come up with ways he can show his knowledge without extensive handwriting. How does homeschooling benefit a student with dysgraphia? When my son was in school, we really struggled. The system is designed a very specific way that involves judging and grading children based on their ability to demonstrate their knowledge by writing it out based on  tests, written reports, or completed worksheets. For children with dysgraphia that can make school extremely challenging and frustrating. Over time my son developed a severe anxiety disorder due to the constant pressure and criticism placed on him in the school environment. Thankfully we had the option to homeschool, and it has been a wonderful experience. It challenges all of us to think differently, but at the end of the day my son is no longer limited by dysgraphia and has started to love learning again.

The Effects Of Algal Blooms On Coral Reefs - 917 Words

live and feed in those coral reefs until they are big enough to survive the wide vast of the deep ocean. Warming temperatures are also a death sentence to many species of fish. When I was visiting Port Saint Joe, FL and it’s surrounding area, I noticed that at some places the tide was a tinted yellow, orange and red. It was Red Tide, also known as harmful algal bloom. Simple plants the live in the sea and freshwater grow out of control. These algal blooms produce toxic and harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds. Algal bloom has high concentrations of nutrients from agricultural and urban run off. Red Tide does expand the decomposition of which kills animals by depleting the oxygen levels needed, limits the aquatic plant growth. This was occurring both at the shoreline of Powell Lake in Laguna Beach, FL and the East Bay in Panama City, FL. Off the tip of St Joseph Peninsula State Park, the government agencies were picking up hundreds of dead fish t his past month alone. Red Tide could be found in a stretch of miles west of the peninsula to Mexico Beach and east of the peninsula to Cape San Blas. Taken at Powell Lake, Laguna Beach, Florida. Red Tide (Harmful Algal Bloom). When it comes to fresh water and salt water mixing, it is called an estuary. An estuary is body of water that has rivers and streams running into it with an outlet that leads directly into the open sea. This is where the rivers and streams drop all the sediments, rocks, sand,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On Marine Ecosystems1504 Words   |  7 Pagestemperatures. 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In the following paper, I will provide a general overview of coral reefs and examine the alarming depletion of coral and their ecological symbionts in a process known as coral bleaching. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As mentioned earlier, coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive of all communities on EarthRead MoreLiterature Review: A big change that has occurred in the oceans all over the world is the Coral2000 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review: A big change that has occurred in the oceans all over the world is the Coral Reefs are dying and are predicted to be dead by the end of the century due to the rising acidity of the oceans caused by many different threats to marine ecosystems. Coral reefs cover less than 0.2% of our oceans but they contain 25% of the world’s marine fish species according to Endangered: Biodiversity on the brink, 2010: pg.45). 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The oceans also have a substantial effect on the economy of the world. Kieran Mulvaney, an author and blogger, wrote in her chapter of Endangered Oceans: Opposing Viewpoints that â€Å"as much as 66 percent of the world’s population lives within 40 miles of the shore† (21). Similarly, the NationalRead More Coral Reefs Essay examples3747 Words   |  15 PagesCoral Reefs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coral reefs are one of the oldest types of living systems on earth, and certainly one of the most spectacular (Goreau, 1987). They are massive underwater structures formed by the limestone skeletons of tiny invertebrate animals. Reefs house a greater diversity of body forms, chemistry, and animal phyla (thirty-two compared to the eight that inhabit the most biodiversity ecosystems on land). Phyla comprise the second largest category of living things, after kingdoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CoralRead MoreBiological Oxygen Demand ( Bod )1720 Words   |  7 PagesTSS has declined since 2011 at all locations except in MPAs, where the annual mean TSS was highest in 2013. Mean TSS in 2015 was highest in May in Confined Areas. Organic pollutants are chemical compounds that contain carbon and have a negative effect on one or more components of the environment. From 2011–2015, EAD monitored marine waters for two organic pollutants: total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). TPHs is a term used to describe a mixture of several hundredsRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean1986 Words   |  8 Pagesworld. Unfortunately Oceans have been receiving mass amount of pollutants including oil spills, toxic waste dumping, and industrial dumping. These pollutants will have negative impacts on the wildlife in the ocean, as we are seeing already with the Coral Reefs, and soon enough it will begin to affect our lives as well. Causes of Ocean Pollution: According to National Geographic the main causes of ocean pollution are, â€Å" Sewage, toxic chemicals from industries, land runoff, large oil spills, ocean miningRead MoreClimate Change1705 Words   |  7 Pageschange †¢ Background information †¢ Definition of climate change 2-Body: A- The causes of climate change †¢ The causes of climate change †¢ Natural causes of climate change B- Effects of climate change †¢ Human effects on climate change †¢ Greenhouse gases effect †¢ Changing in the ecosystems. C- Solutions for climate change: †¢ Avoid cutting trees and forests †¢ The use of the renewable resources †¢ Sequestration 3- Conclusion: †¢ The industrial countries should

Non Verbal Communication free essay sample

Name: Sithembile Musemburi Assignment 1: What aspects of non verbal communication are likely to differ when people from different cultures communicate? Communication is a very important aspect of the human life, since it is the communication that helps human beings and other animals to connect with each other, as individuals and as independent groups. Communication serves a number of functions; to disseminate information, to express ideas and emotions, for education, to build relationships, for entertainment and for decision making purposes and is done verbally or non -verbally. Verbal communication involves the use of language, speech and voice where as in non verbal communication the body does the coding for us in form of gestures, facial expressions, posture, and paralanguage. This is why nonverbal communication is also termed the body language. Culture constitute the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products are the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population. Hence patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular people may not be treated in the same regard to another people. This essay seeks to describe the aspects of non-verbal communication that are likely to differ when people from different cultures communicate. Examples will be drawn from different cultures to demonstrate these differences in cultures Samovar et al (2009), defined communication in the following way, â€Å"communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behaviour or the residue of behaviour. With this, different people from different cultures can possibly give different meanings to behaviour depending on how they understood it. This statement also supports that we should be careful about how we act as someone can give meaning to our actions whether they were conscious or unconscious. Culture has been defined by Hall (1974), as the medium evolved by humans to survive. He further states that nothing in our lives is free from cultural influ ences. The way people talk, dress, eat, walk is influenced by their culture. This explains why culture and communication can not be separated as it has a great impact on communication as well. Culture is not genetically defined but is learned through the society we grow in. As a child grows in a community, they learn through observations and being taught what is acceptable and inacceptable in that culture. This in turn shapes the values of that child. Hoebel and Frost define culture as an, â€Å"integrated system of learned behaviour patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the results of biological inheritance. The environment and setting one was brought up in and lives in determines how we communicate. Non verbal communication according to Samovar et al (2009) is,†any communication that involves non verbal stimuli that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value to the source or receiver. † The behaviours that most people engage in consciousl y and unconsciously contribute to non verbal communication. A reflex action of behaviour is triggered during a conversation that can sell one out even if verbally they seem to be in agreement with what is being said. Non verbal behaviour can easily substitute the verbal communication as it represents our true emotions in most cases Although Ekman et al (1975) suggests that some non verbal communication aspects of facial expressions are universal, there are many aspects of non verbal communication which differ from one culture to another. As much as facial expressions of anger, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise are more or less the same amongst all cultures there are some non verbal aspects that mean totally different things from one culture to another which might have serious repercussions to the sender and receiver if coded and decoded in ignorance. A wrong gesture or facial expression can make or break a business deal or proposal whether it was intended or not. As much as culture is diverse all over the world, non verbal aspects of communication are bound to differ depending on where you are and where you are from. Those aspects include but are not limited to the following, facial expressions, head movements, hand and arm gestures, physical space, touching, eye contact, and physical postures. Although smiling is understood as an expression of happiness in most cultures, in some cultures like the Chinese it may mean something sad or uncomfortable is being discussed. However, in Bulgaria and Thailand, nodding means the opposite, a very definite no. Physical space refers to the distance which people feel comfortable approaching others or having others approach them. It can be categorised into the following , intimate space reserved for intimate relations, private or personal space for friends and relatives, social space for workmates , colleagues, then public space for strangers. People from certain countries, such as parts of Latin America or the Middle East often feel comfortable standing closer to each other, while persons of Northern European descent tend to prefer a relatively greater distance. Ruch (1989) writes, â€Å"Typical Arab conversations are at close range. † He goes on further to say that;† closeness cannot be avoided†. Although is it is so with the Arab, they have exceptions when to comes to conversing between a man and a woman as Samovar et al (2009) state that, In Arab cultures a man is not allowed to stand close to a woman not even his wife where as in western countries a husband and wife signal their relationship by walking side by side. This means that depending on one’s culture, distance at times is not necessarily determined by the relationship but rather by the gender of the people involved. This explains why in some people would move away or step back in a bus queue when they feel one is standing too close for comfort thus invading their private space. The use of hands to communicate can assist comprehension or deter it, depending on the situation. Some hand gestures that are popular in one culture have no meaning or an entirely different meaning in another culture. A good example is the thumbs up gesture or the OK sign. These have vulgar meanings in Iran and Latin America, respectively, yet in other countries the â€Å"OK sign means just â€Å"zero†, which is not offensive. In the Unites States it is used as a sign for approval and success, whereas the thumbs down convey the opposite. In Europe the thumbs up is also a signal for good bye, or a greeting in passing, especially among young people. Touch is also another aspect of non verbal communication that is culturally determined and thus can also be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Depending on the context or scenario that led to the touch, it sends across different messages. Different cultures have different beliefs on what parts of the body can be and can not be touched. In Asians cultures, the head is said to house the soul so most Asians do not touch the head and do not want their heads touched. Some Americans are annoyed if touched on the head as they feel belittled. Touch is used as a sign of comfort, to arouse, to show affection, to greet, to protect, to congratulate on a job well done and even to provoke. Although a handshake is common as a means of greeting in most cultures, according to Jones (n. d. ), ‘Never assume that someone from another culture wants to shake hands at all. †This greeting is peculiar to some cultures as such one should not assume that it is a universal gesture of greeting. She further advices males never to attempt shaking hands with a woman from another culture unless she extends her hand first. † This is attributed to that contact between people of the opposite sexes is restricted in the Asian and Arab cultures which are mostly Muslim states so hand shakes are not recommended unless otherwise indicated. Kim (1992) also observes that Asians do not touch ordinarily during a conversation especially between people of the opposite sexes because many Asians cultures do not believe in public display of affection and intimacy.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Example

To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay â€Å"As I made my way home, I thought Jem and I would get grown but there wasn’t much else left for us to learn, except possibly algebra. †(279) Scout says this at the end of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The story is set in Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930’s. The main characters, Scout and Jem live with their lawyer-father, Atticus. Scout and Jem are adventurous kids who become fascinated by their mysterious neighbor, Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley. He is the character in their games and plays. Boo saves the day but no one brings him into the spotlight because as the kids learn, it’s similar to killing a mockingbird. Throughout the book, Jem and Scout learn many things: to fight for what they believe in and that everyone deserves to be treated fairly. Scout learns from Atticus that fighting isn’t always right, but you should defend what is best. For example, while Jem and Scout talk to Atticus about the Tom Robinson case and he says, â€Å"†¦Every lawyer gets at least one case in his life-time that effects him personally. †(76) Atticus knows he can’t win the case but he takes it because he knows Tom is innocent. This case was a great way for Atticus to teach Scout that that he would argue until the end and prove Tom’s innocence. Furthermore, while visiting family, Scout and her cousin Francis get in an argument and he says, â€Å"‘Nigger-lover†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This time I split my knuckle to the bone on his front teeth† (84) Atticus tells Scout not to fight, but when she gets called a mean name she fights because she knows he isn’t right. Just because Atticus is defending a black man, that doesn’t give Francis a right to call her something rude and she realizes it. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Atticus teaches his daughter to fight for what she believes. Jem learns that everyone should be treated the same and skin color doesn’t matter. For instance, the final verdict of the Tom Robinson case is reached, â€Å"I shut my eyes. Judge Taylor was polling the jury. ‘Guilty†¦guilty†¦guilty†¦guilty†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (211) Once Jem hears the news he cries because he knows that Tom Robinson is innocent but because he is black they say he is guilty. Jem wants Tom Robinson to be innocent but no one treats him the same as Bob Ewell. In addition, while Jem is talking to his father, Atticus says, â€Å"‘Tom Robinson’s a colored man, Jem. No jury in this part of the world’s going to say, ‘We think you’re guilty but not very, ‘on a charge like that. It was either a straight acquittal or nothing. ’†(219) Even though a lot of people are racist in the town, Jem doesn’t follow those ways. Atticus proves Tom’s innocence but the jury says he is guilty on all charges just because the color of his skin. Through his experiences, Jem is taught that racism is evident in his town and he should treat people equally. In conclusion, Jem and Scout learn many lessons. Their neighborhood teaches them about racism and how people should stand up for what they believe. Racism is still a problem in the world but not as bad as it was in the 1930’s. Blacks and whites are allowed to do things equally and being half black and half white isn’t looked down on anymore. People fight for what they believe in now more than ever. There are always rallies or meetings or clubs for people that feel that what is going on isn’t right. Times have changed; but people still learn what Scout and Jem did.

Gun Control Essays (498 words) - Gun Politics, Firearms, Gun Control

Gun Control Essays (498 words) - Gun Politics, Firearms, Gun Control Gun Control Gun Control Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people, given in the second amendment the right to bear arms, controlling distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns. Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people given in the second amendment the right to bear arms. Opponents of gun control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA, argue that the right To bear arms is guaranteed in the second amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere. However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400 homicides including guns. In addition gun control has been seen as necessary because of the violence by criminals using guns. Gun control is wrapped in a series of social issues such as crime and drugs. Guns have become closely linked to drugs and murder in the public mind. Drug dealing and high tech weaponry have escalated the warfare in cities between long established loosely knit gangs. Predominantly guns of crime are used by gang members. Many police officers are killed every year due to drug and gang related incidents involving guns. For example in 1988 on February 26 rookie New York City police officer Edward Byre was sitting alone in his police car guarding the house of a drug trial witness in South Jamaica, Queens where he was shot four times in the head and killed. In conclusion there are valid reasons for why certain people feel that gun control is unfair. People against gun control feel that it is a violation of the Constitution to control the sale and distribution and the registration of guns and gun owners. But it is necessary for there to be certain limits on the way that firearms are handled in this country because of the homicide rate involving guns and because of the violence created by criminals using guns. If gun control legislation were to go through there would be a significant decline in gun related crimes and fatalities.

Describe and explain the most important contributions of FDR to the Essay

Describe and explain the most important contributions of FDR to the history of the United States - Essay Example His name is also connected with one of the most significant chapters in the history of American foreign policy and diplomacy - creation of the League of Nations that is a prototype of the modern United Nations; establishment and normalization of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union; U.S. leading role in the anti-Hitler coalition and post war world. Roosevelt proved himself as an extraordinary, flexible and extremely cautious politician, able to guess the trend correctly and promptly and accurately respond to the changing mood of all social classes. His New Deal program not only balanced the finance industry of the country during and after the worst financial crisis, but also helped to minimize serious social and political upheaval. This set of laws, passed by Congress on the initiative of the President, was a bold experiment in the sphere of state regulation. Thanks to Roosevelt, the U.S. spent more than 40 years without any crises. Capitalism as the economic system has survived in America just because Roosevelt managed to humanize industrial relations and introduced the principles of social responsibility. Roosevelt started the transformation of American society into a regulated and socially oriented. Roosevelt did his best to preserve and develop the existing socio-economic system in the country and strengthen the dominant position of the United States in the world. Roosevelt, in contrast to many other Presidents, has always remained a sober and pragmatic

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 18

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example The Suffolk County Council has not been changed since its inception time and continued to operate in more or less same manner since then. After recruiting as the new CEO of the SCC, Andrea Hill proposed for certain organizational changes which will lead it to a better horizon in the near future. The underline problem of SCC is the huge gap between its actual cost and the yearly turnover. According to Andrea Hill, the organization would not bring extra capital to invest in balancing the gap, but the cost of the service they produce would be out of the hand much sooner. To stand at the safe point, the organization can go for a huge redundancy program, but it would not be enough to pull up the profit figure in the comfort zone. The key issue that the organization is facing now is the wider old system implied through all the organization’s structure. For this reason, the day to day expenses is rising at the same pace too. Moreover, they have numerous service verticals which they p rovide their consumers. Merging or removing any service verticals would harm the organization’s image to the consumers. So, in this context Hill suggests to curb down the demand for their services in two ways that is – stating the root cause of the local and social problem a change for which will be implemented overall and would be acceptable for a longer period of time. On the other hand, building communities by gathering sufficient capital from the people also would help the organization to pull down the costs.

Problems associated with hangings at Tyburn Essay Example for Free

Problems associated with hangings at Tyburn Essay In Britain the punishment of execution was given to all the criminals they hang the criminals by neck till the death, for this purpose the Tyburn used the old trees, they hanged many people by at a time and in early periods the execution was performed in front of all the people of country this activity was the centre of attraction for all the people whenever they come to know that they are about to hang someone. They all used to gather there and watch it, the first gallon was enough to hang ten people at the times but later on they modify it and make it smaller than before but still it was capable of hanging 6 people at a time, later on the protestant force them to stop giving this punishment on every crime whether its small or big they just sentence the hanging till death which was not considered as the moral act. Later on they stopped execution in front of citizens and give this punishment in prison only in the presence of William Willis, the chief custodian, the surgeon of the prison, the governor and also another warder. This article also discusses all the details about the hanging process, the changes which were made and what the people believes about this process. The observation shows that few of people believes that the execution should carried out to save our nation and tomorrow and they also consider execution good as it gives the lesson to other criminals while on the other hand few people believed that execution is a dreadful act which should be stopped and the government should give one chance to every illegal person, in this article we will discuss all of the facts and then come up with the conclusion. Hanging of Tyburn In an Anglo-Saxon period the Britain exploit the process of execution for philanthropic the chastisement to the inhabitants who commenced any sin like rape, killing some one or when anyone go beyond their spiritual believes and execute any kind of peccadillo in opposition to their religious believes etc. Up to the year 1868 chastisement were conceded out in frontage of multitude of people this unfasten way for openhanded punishment turn out to be the motivation of enthusiasm for the community of Tyburn, almost all of the citizens gather round there in order to see how did they hanged the offender however later on in the Gala Days time the hanging were to be had in the penitentiary, the large crowd also congregate there to protest against this execution for the reason that numerous people from their society were dead because of this punishment so they start protesting against it. The history gives you an idea that there were almost 10,935 death sentences in England along with Wales alone, for the duration of the years 1735 to 1964, these executions consist of on 10,378 men as well as 557 women. This method of chastisement was becoming the intimidation for the populace of England day by day, they make use of their historical trees for benevolent this punishment, these trees were gigantic as much as necessary to hang up eight men at a time. To demonstrate the exact panorama of hanging let us have a look how do they perform it, it is believed at the time of hanging the hangman is observed casually smoking his pipe, they bring the condemned in the cart come along his sarcophagus along with an exhortative priest the population of Britain does not like this way of punishment at all and they just wanted to get ride of this. (Hanging, March, 23, 2000; Lesley Nelson). In the year 1783 9th of December the first executions was observed on New gate’s, new drop scaffold, at that time nine men as well as one woman were dangled at the same time. Edward Dennis along with William Brunskill performed this execution intended for an assortment of offences. It was a large box like structure with two uprights supporting two parallel beams from which a maximum of a dozen criminals could be hanged at once. There was a platform in which prisoner stood, the platform had the length of 10 feet and the width of 8 feet, when the lever or pin was moved the action on a drawbar under the drop occurs after this they roughly fell to level of their knee it is believed that the new drop had 96 customers flanked by February moreover December of 1785, by means of 20 men be suspended scheduled on the 2nd of February of that time. During the mid of the year’s 1820s, the way of punishment as hangings became less common than before, the double beam gallows was no more used in the process hanging and were substitute with a solitary beam prototype but this solitary beam gallows was still enough to hang six people at a time. In the year 1571, the tyburn arranged the triple tree; the reason for establishing these trees was to eliminate previous diminutive structures, so that they can dangle 24 criminal at a time. In the year 1649, 23rd of June they hanged 23 men as well as one woman because these people were conscientious for burglary in addition to robbery; these 24 prisoner have been get across at the position of execution in 8 carts (Execution at Tyburn). There was a further great execution in the year 1740 on 18th of March subsequent to the famous shoplifter and robber, Jenny Diver who was hanged with 19 additional criminals. Until the end of the year 1759 the Tyburn’s triple tree was remained in their use. Later on the changes were made in process of execution they were modified by the time and finally it was legally proved that executions should only make in the prisons as it was damaging the humanity from the population day by day, it is the believe of people that by hanging people openly they are supposed to be responsible for making the others innocent people scared as well. In the year 1900 the execution was only done on prison. Let us have a look on typical execution of 1900’s now, at the beginning of world war one a small number of the penitentiary generally allowed the press reporters to be there only at the time of execution when the male criminal was being hanged. The report of hanging in Abel Atherton at Durham in the year 1909 8th of December the implementation subsist of Henry Pierrepoint, the reporter recount that it was early morning 7. 50 a. m of Wednesday, the person who works under the Sheriff makes his entry in the prison along with the three reporters of newspaper. Two of the custodians bought the Atherton in to the area of the doctor, the hands of Atherton were immobilize, later on they show the way frontward to the gallows throughout a demonstration which was also consisting of the Chief Warder, the Atherton was detained by the help of custodians on both of the side, Pierrepoint along with his subordinates which includes William Willis, the chief custodian, the surgeon of the prison, the governor and also another warder. When the Chaplain was in attendance inside the hut at that time Atherton was plunged, his legs were grip down by Willis at that time when he was plummeted in behind of Willis legs, the noose was placed over the head of Atherton and the noose was also accustomed before pulling the white hood above him by the Pierrepoint. Close by the assize magistrates clock instigate striking at that hour Pierrepoint unconfined the fence in giving Atherton. The process of hanging has to be over before the striking of clock stopped, the press men narrates that when they looked down they feel like that Athertons death was immediate and his body was still hanging absolutely. The bell of the prison began clangor in addition to the putting to death shed was locked up parting Atherton hovering on the rope designed as the regular hour. This was of execution was much better than before but still hanging was measured as the act adjacent to the ethical values. Few years later little revolutionize were made in execution but this law remains same and the people commence the more protest against these acts as they were never in favor of killing someone. Now we will have a detailed views on history incidents which shows what do the people believe about it and ho did they take hanging be neck for any sot of sin whether its robbery. Rape, murder or prostitution, we will also review what are the believes of communities about execution and what are the demands of citizens related to the punishment of hanging till death (The history of judicial hanging in Britain 1735-1964). The last incident of hanging occur in Scotland in the year 1820, they hanged the 22 men together these people were hanged on 13th and 14th of July. Before the half of the century people began to give their ideology about this chastisement it was John Locke who reveals that the most important intention of government of the state was the preservation of national another reason according his point of view for this act could be to provide security for the property and also for securing the life of the person. It is believed that Lockes thoughts were moderately in observance by means of a noninterventionist state appearance which recommended the tolerant regulation of wealth plus decree. He was the one whose statements shows that he was in the favor of execution and he makes his all effort to make this fact clear in the eye of viewer but he did not achieve his goal completely.

Essay About Family: My Fathers Illness :: Family Relationships Sickness Papers

My Father's Illness As a child, life was great for me. I spent my days being a hyperactive boy, running around and causing general chaos on my two sisters, Kelly and Libby. The world I lived in was a stress free world, I had not had many difficult experiences growing up. Life was beautiful for me, until a tragedy struck my family. My life got stressful on first day of second grade. I remember getting off the bus, eager to tell my parents all about what it felt like to be in second grade. As I walked in the door, I could feel that something was wrong. It was something in the air, a depressing mood. Instead of being greeted by a house of warm response, it was silent. I shouted for my parents and searched around, finally finding them in their bedroom. As I walked in to their bedroom, I found my mother sitting on the bed, weeping quietly, while my father lay on the bed in a near unconscious state. This sight shocked me, I had seen my father sick before, but by the reaction of my mother and the deathly look on my father’s face I knew that something was seriously wrong. My father's eyes opened, and he called out for my sister Kelly and I to come to him. In a very serious and sad voice, he told us that he was very sick, and he was going to the Fort Wayne hospital. My mother told Kelly and I to help her pack some things for him, because he was going to be leaving soon. We helped her pack, keeping quiet because we did not want to interrupt the silence that had taken over the room. A family friend, Rose Widmer, came over as my mom and dad were getting ready to leave. She would be staying with us because it looked like they would not be coming home that night. As Kelly and I were eating our supper, my mom came into the kitchen and sat down beside me. She explained to us that our dad was very sick, and that he was having trouble with his brain. She used the term "brain abscess." She said that this is what the doctors speculated was wrong with him, but they needed to go to Fort Wayne to take precautions. Essay About Family: My Father's Illness :: Family Relationships Sickness Papers My Father's Illness As a child, life was great for me. I spent my days being a hyperactive boy, running around and causing general chaos on my two sisters, Kelly and Libby. The world I lived in was a stress free world, I had not had many difficult experiences growing up. Life was beautiful for me, until a tragedy struck my family. My life got stressful on first day of second grade. I remember getting off the bus, eager to tell my parents all about what it felt like to be in second grade. As I walked in the door, I could feel that something was wrong. It was something in the air, a depressing mood. Instead of being greeted by a house of warm response, it was silent. I shouted for my parents and searched around, finally finding them in their bedroom. As I walked in to their bedroom, I found my mother sitting on the bed, weeping quietly, while my father lay on the bed in a near unconscious state. This sight shocked me, I had seen my father sick before, but by the reaction of my mother and the deathly look on my father’s face I knew that something was seriously wrong. My father's eyes opened, and he called out for my sister Kelly and I to come to him. In a very serious and sad voice, he told us that he was very sick, and he was going to the Fort Wayne hospital. My mother told Kelly and I to help her pack some things for him, because he was going to be leaving soon. We helped her pack, keeping quiet because we did not want to interrupt the silence that had taken over the room. A family friend, Rose Widmer, came over as my mom and dad were getting ready to leave. She would be staying with us because it looked like they would not be coming home that night. As Kelly and I were eating our supper, my mom came into the kitchen and sat down beside me. She explained to us that our dad was very sick, and that he was having trouble with his brain. She used the term "brain abscess." She said that this is what the doctors speculated was wrong with him, but they needed to go to Fort Wayne to take precautions.

Motivation Theories Essay

A couple of decades ago, the topic of motivation were just another term in the books of managers trying to implement behavioural techniques on their employees. Give perks, give monetary benefits, performance rewards and employees are bound to be motivated – as simple as that. But gradually as the years passed by, as people began to move out of the shackles of monotonous, menial work environments, there was a radical shift on how management studies began to view motivation. There were debates, lectures, psychological-social experiments and theories which suddenly threw the old concepts aside and brought in new ones. The topic became a cynosure of all management, scientific and economic studies – a topic which was deemed simple suddenly became a complex monster without which, the workplace culture was poised to be threatened. Employees, after all, are the biggest assets of organizations – and motivation is what keeps them going. This paper will explore why the different motivational theories are important and break away from the usual old age concept of motivation and show it as the world is viewing motivation nowadays. The idea is to generate a certain amount of interest and debate in the topic (otherwise relative) so as to obtain a clear understanding as to what might be the underlying reasons for employee motivation. Motivation Theories Assuming that the reader already knows what motivation is, have known about the various popular motivation theories and can distinguish between the various motivational theories and the literature surrounding them; it has been observed how the traditional motivational theories of Maslow have almost vanished from the experiments and recent research papers, whilst laying emphasis on job environments and social evaluations. As the global market moves through recurring waves of economic slowdown and instability, more organizational changes have occurred leading to fluctuations in employee satisfaction and the way workers view their jobs. Motivation, clearly, has been a challenge. Leaving aside the various theories, basic motivational factors such as compensation rewards, innovative performance evaluation methods, the nature of work, organizational changes and socio-political structure have been evolving over the past few years and that has a direct impact on motivation. Among all the theories, the one which stands out (and is probably relevant) is Herzberg’s motivator –hygiene theory, which divides the concept into two parts – the motivator factors and the hygiene factors. While job satisfaction and work autonomy contribute to the ‘motivator’ factors, ‘hygiene’ factors constituted of pay and performance. Herzberg deduced that the insufficient hygiene factors lead to de-motivation and the motivator factors like job enrichment contribute to motivation. This is in compliance with the Hackman and Oldham’s theory of job enrichment which talks about increasing motivation stemming from skill identity, autonomy, task significance and job purpose. Deci & Ryan’s model talk about the similar aspects, giving rise to the notion that extrinsic motivational factors (factors outside work like pay, performance compensations, rewards) directly oppose the intrinsic factors (job satisfaction, challenging tasks, etcetera). While it is completely baseless to say that monetary rewards, i. e. xtrinsic factors do not work, it has been observed that insufficiency of such factors lead to extreme de motivation. On the flip side, intrinsic motivational factors work only if the work is challenging enough to engage the interest of an individual wherein the job has a psychological impact on the skills of the employee. [1] New Theories and Experiments As we usher into newer business environments, new theories and experiments have cropped up which are causing a paradigm shift in the way the world looks at motivation. The most popular which are used in business organizations are the carrot and stick approach [10] where colloquially employees are given ‘carrots’ as rewards and ‘sticks’ for reprimands. This consequently produces desirable and undesirable behaviours among employees who perform mechanical and process oriented jobs as in the service industry [13] . However, playing by the rules of the motivation theories, there have been an opposition to this and there was an approach constructed around the concept of intrinsic motivation when it comes to jobs which require creativity and rudimentary cognitive skills like building new products. Among the most famous ones are the performance of the candle experiment (see Appendix 1) with a three groups of people where each group was given varying monetary rewards to solve the candle problem [6]. The result shows how the motivation through monetary rewards falls flat in the face of creative and cognitive jobs. The same has been elucidated Author Dan Pink in his bestseller book about motivation, Drive [14]. A similar experiment was performed by LSE economics who concluded that â€Å"†¦ financial incentives can result in a negative impact on overall performance† [4]. As the topsy-turvy war between various motivation theories continues, there are companies who have exemplified intrinsic motivation by providing autonomy to their employees to motivate them – Google, Atlassian, Wikipedia are just among the few examples. This display of being able to motivate their employees has led to these companies being the stalwarts in their respective industries. Accountability and autonomy has been redefining motivation theories all across organizations in the Western world [3]. However, across industries, organizations have been still trying to motivate their employees through rewards and monetary benefits while ignoring the age old basics of the intrinsic motivation theory. Motivation in an economic crisis The fire test for managers concerning this subject comes during an economic downturn when employee motivation is at an all time low. Organizational behaviour theory suggests the usage of three models: The Authoritarian model is used by most firms worldwide involving trying to control processes and bring all the resources in order through downsizing. However, this only leads to a substantial decrease in employee motivation. The IT service industry in India and other parts of Asia has been using this model during economic slowdown. This can be traced back to the roots of the Indian society which is built on a more authoritarian culture [11] . As the IT service industry is a more process oriented job, the managers mostly try to balance the company profits with resource downsizing. Interestingly, this industry sector also successfully uses the ‘carrot and stick’ approach to motivate their employees. The Paternalistic model tries to build up on the social protection of employees by gaining their trust and their willingness to continue with the company. This does not dampen motivation but does not elevate employee motivation enough to bring the firm out of crisis, as the employees are not encouraged to improve their skills. Russian firms in the 1990’s used this model to control the economic downturn but failed miserably as the employees were not motivated and it also accentuated the crisis situation. Based on Rensis Likert’s Supportive relationships principle, the Supportive model recognizes the employee as the most important member of the firm, which in turn is likened to a social system [2] . Probably the best form of motivation during a crisis would be the supportive relationship principle wherein people’s outlook towards economic barriers are used to overcome the crisis, hence changing their attitude towards job satisfaction and organization commitment by discovering growth opportunities, giving the employees ideas to foster company profitability and minimizing their professional crisis [5]. Motivation in IT industries – Asian vs. Western As the world is being swept by technological advancements, the IT sector has been in the boom and has been defining the trend in economic patterns. Considering the IT industry, in Asian markets such as India or the Philippines, where the industry is more service oriented, the motivation model is completely different from that which is used in the Western world. Western IT companies, which are more product based, do not follow the age old motivation theories. These theories like Maslow and Taylor of trying to influence workers and employees with fat salaries have been adopted by organizations which have an Indian base. However, the Indian companies which deal with the IT service industry address the needs of the employees in a more radical and structured manner as these companies understand the needs of the employees better than the Western companies with a presence in India. The dichotomy of the East-West cultures force organizations to take various approaches to the subject of motivating employees. In India, the BPO and the IT industry, which mostly dominate the economy, is heavily dependent on people, hence the motivational approaches are as important as the job itself [12]. The industry also shows a large spike in attrition as past trends have shown arising out of factors mainly because the employee is not motivated. An attitude study was conducted by Robbins to find out behavioural patterns of employees in BPO industry and to find out whether redesign of work, autonomy and restructuring teamwork and feedback increase satisfaction at the workplace, which in turn results in higher performance and motivating employees. The results were surprising as it was found that there was no relationship between job characteristics and motivation. Instead it was found that BPO workers were motivated to work as long as their salaries and financial demands were being met [9]. This technique is adopted by a lot of multinational companies which establish their BPO base in Indian and Philippine market. However, the Indian companies in the IT sector take a different approach by addressing the working conditions (like graveyard shift benefits), social concerns and standard of living of the employees. This is provided, not only by monetary benefits, but also by work time flexibility, autonomy, purpose and a sense of belonging. Surprisingly, this is the same strategy which is used in the western culture to motivate the employees. In Malaysia, where the service industry is one of the most emerging markets in Asia, there are several push and pull factors which affect employee motivation, which in turn affects the high rate of attrition in this sector. Studies in the Malaysian IT service market have concluded that though compensation and rewards have been the primary methods to motivate employees, work and job purpose are also seen as among the various pull factors which affect it [7]. Recently, however, international businesses have been restructuring and redesigning their reward and motivation scheme to address the local culture of Asian countries, aligning them with those of the Western cultures. Conclusion Motivation, as we see, is not just about trying to encourage employees with rewards and benefits. A lot of psychological and social aspects are intertwined with the way motivation works. All the motivational theories are bound to clash against each other as organizations are changing the way they look at employees and their needs. Managers need to be aware of the fact that employees are not just assets and treat workers with a sense of belonging. As globalization is turning a page, managers have to keep in mind how the workers react to workplace environments and how they can be motivated to shape up organizations and industries, on a whole by inducing creativity and encouraging them to look at the broader picture existing in businesses.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, - 1006 Words

Frederick Douglass, a man who found redemption through the unknown truth, that reading is the key to knowledge, in his case is the key to his freedom. In his time, slaves have endured all kind of physical torture but the worst of them all was the mental abuse. Before I elaborate more on this topic it will be wise for me to give you more detail and a more accurate definition and understanding at what is a mental abuse or better known as psychological abuse. It is the art of emotionally breaking down a person by inflicting fear by intimidation to create total chaos within a person mentality and with such result the one inflicting the mental pain gain power over the victim and can make him or her do anything they want. Now back to the†¦show more content†¦They would wall naked for the whole year they wouldn’t have enough to eat and was left to sleep in the cold in a garbage bag. From the bottom of my heart I believe that the psychological methods were worse than the physical abuse. Simply because most physical abuse doesn’t stay with you forever its painful at the beginning but it will eventually fade away but the psychological abuse can mark you for the rest of your life, you might ignore it for a day or two or even a month or year but it will come back to haunt you, it always there no matter how hard we want to look away its always there. Before I used to think that slavery was just about the physical pain and abuse it was until I read this amazing piece of art work that I understood slave were human just like me and you that they had feeling too, that some of them will choose to commit suicide then to be alive with no pride and be treated like horses. Hers a quote of Douglass where he shows how weak minded he felt when all hopes seem to be gone â€Å"I was sometimes prompted to take my life†Show MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish